System for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals

ABSTRACT

A system for simulating various clinical conditions which are detectable by a noninvasive respiratory monitor is provided. The simulated clinical conditions may be displayed on a noninvasive respiratory monitor to replicate a variety of disease states to provide training for a clinician. The system may include a pulse oximetry simulation device and/or a CO 2  delivery system.

THE FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to a system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals.

BACKGROUND

Respiratory failure can become a life-threatening condition in a few minutes or be the result of a build up over several hours. Respiratory failure is very difficult to predict, and as a result continuous monitoring of respiratory activity is typically necessary in clinical, high-risk situations. Appropriate monitoring equipment used by properly trained clinicians can be life-saving. (see Folke M, Cernerud A, Ekstrom M, Hok B; Critical Review of Non-invasive Respiratory Monitoring in Medical Care; Medical & Biological Engineering & Computing 2003 July; 41(4): 377-383).

Noninvasive patient respiratory monitors are especially useful in situations when drugs having sedative and/or analgesic properties are provided to a patient because these drugs may also reduce the patient's drive to breath and ability to maintain an open airway. Noninvasive respiratory monitors may be used to measure the patient's respiratory rate and exhaled CO₂ by analyzing the concentration of the CO₂ in the exhaled air. They may also be used to monitor heart rate and saturation of blood oxygen. In other words, noninvasive respiratory monitors are configured to provide multiple indications regarding the physical state of a patient

It is important that a clinician be able to properly analyze all the information provided by a noninvasive respiratory monitor. The American Society of Anesthesiologists emphasizes that, because ventilation and oxygenation are separate physiologic processes, monitoring oxygenation by pulse oximetry is not a substitute for monitoring ventilatory function by capnography. (see Practice guidelines for sedation and analgesia by non-anesthesiologists. American Society of Anesthesiologists Task Force on Sedation and Analgesia by Non-Anesthesiologists. Anesthesiology 2002; 96: 1004-1017). Oxygen saturation usually is maintained, even at a low respiratory rate, so that pulse oximetry might fail to detect respiratory deterioration, particularly if a patient is receiving supplemental oxygen. (see Overdyk F J. PCA presents serious risks. [letter] APSF Newsletter 2005; 20: 33). The use of supplemental oxygen does not correct desaturation due to hypoventilation; it simply delays the progression of respiratory failure from bradypnea to apnea. Thus, even continuous monitoring of heart rate and oxygen saturation (“SpO₂”) by pulse oximetry is not a substitute for monitoring end-tidal CO₂ (“EtCO₂”), respiratory rate, and apneic events by capnography. Capnographic monitoring can anticipate a patient's desaturation by warning of a decrease in respiratory rate and rise in EtCO₂. (see Weinger M B. Dangers of postoperative opioids. Anesthesia Patient Safety Foundation newsletter 2006-2007; 21: 61-88). In a procedural sedation study, pulse oximetry identified only 33 percent of those patients with respiratory distress, while capnography captured 100 percent. (see Miner J R, Heegaard W, Plummer D. End-tidal carbon dioxide monitoring during procedural sedation. Acad Emerg Med 2002; 9: 275-280). Therefore, it is important that a clinician be proficient at analyzing all the data that can be obtained from a noninvasive respiratory monitor.

Additionally, there are numerous manufactures of noninvasive respiratory monitors, for example, COSMO by Novametrix Medical Systems, Inc., Wallingford, Conn.; Capnostream by Oridion Capnography, Inc., Bedford, Mass.; POET by Criticare Systems, Inc., Waukesha, Wis., etc. Thus, as will be appreciated from the foregoing, one drawback of using noninvasive respiratory monitors is that significant training may be needed before a clinician can make full use of the information provided by these monitors.

Thus there is a need for a system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals to simulate patient conditions encountered by clinicians in order to train the clinician in the proper use of a particular noninvasive respiratory monitor.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

It is an object of the present invention to provide system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals.

According to one aspect of the invention, a system is provided which may simulate various clinical conditions that may be used to display parameters and waveforms on a noninvasive respiratory monitor. The system may be configured to cause a noninvasive respiratory monitor to display realistic parameters and waveforms consistent with disease states to provide essential training for a clinician.

According to another aspect of the invention, the system may physically re-create signals so that they can be displayed on a variety of noninvasive respiratory monitors.

According to another aspect of the invention, the system may include a pulse oximetry simulation device that may be configured to correctly operate interchangeably with a variety of pulse oximeters even if they have different timing and/or sequencing schemes.

According to another aspect of the invention, the system may use potentiometer(s) to control the amount of transmitted light by a pulse oximetry simulation device.

According to another aspect of the invention, the system may include a CO₂ delivery system for delivering a flow of air having a desired CO₂ concentration to a noninvasive respiratory monitor.

According to another aspect of the invention, a CO₂ delivery system may use one or more flow sensors in combination with one or more valves to control the concentration of CO₂ in a flow of air.

According to still another aspect of the invention, the system may include two flow sensors to separately measure the flow of air and the flow of CO₂. The ratio of the measured flows may be calculated by a computer system and used to adjust the signal transmitted to a valve that controls the flow of CO₂ and/or air in order to deliver a desired CO₂ concentration to a noninvasive respiratory monitor.

According to yet another aspect of the invention, a system may include a pulse oximetry simulation device and a CO₂ delivery system to create signals that are detected by a noninvasive respiratory monitor. The noninvasive respiratory monitor may use the detected signals to calculate clinical parameter such as SpO₂, heart rate, EtCO₂ and respiratory rate to generate a capnogram for CO₂ and arterial plethysmogram for oximetry.

These and other aspects of the present invention are realized in a system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals to simulate patient conditions encountered by clinicians in order to train the clinician in the proper use of a particular noninvasive respiratory monitor as shown and described in the following figures and related description.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Various embodiments of the present invention are shown and described in reference to the numbered drawings wherein:

FIG. 1 shows a diagram of a system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to principles of the present invention;

FIG. 2 shows a pulse oximetry simulation system according to principles of the present invention;

FIG. 3 shows an example of digital potentiometer circuit according to principles of the present invention;

FIG. 4 shows aspects of a CO₂ delivery system according to principles of the present invention; and

FIG. 5 shows a schematic of how a CO₂ delivery system may control the concentration of CO₂ which is delivered to a non-invasive respiratory monitor according to one aspect of the present invention.

It will be appreciated that the drawings are illustrative and not limiting of the scope of the invention which is defined by the appended claims. The embodiments shown accomplish various aspects and objects of the invention. It is appreciated that it is not possible to clearly show each element and aspect of the invention in a single figure, and as such, multiple figures are presented to separately illustrate the various details of the invention in greater clarity. Similarly, not every embodiment need accomplish all advantages of the present invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

The invention and accompanying drawings will now be discussed in reference to the numerals provided therein so as to enable one skilled in the art to practice the present invention. The drawings and descriptions are exemplary of various aspects of the invention and are not intended to narrow the scope of the appended claims.

Turning now to FIG. 1, a diagram is shown of a system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals, generally indicated at 10, according to principles of the present invention. The system 10 may be able to physically produce signals that are detectable by a noninvasive respiratory monitor 50. According to one aspect of the invention, the system 10 may include a computer 40 which may be used in connection with a device 20 to generate a signal that may be detected by a pulse oximeter of a noninvasive respiratory monitor 50. The device 20 may be able to function interchangeably with a variety of pulse oximeters 50 without reconfiguration of the device 20. For example, (and as will be explained in more detail below) the device 20 may be able to cause different pulse oximeters 50 to produce desired outputs by generating a signal that correlates with the timing and/or sequencing scheme of different pulse oximeters 50. In other words, the device 20 may have built-in adaptability for the different timing and/or sequencing schemes of commercially available pulse oximeters 50.

Additionally, system 10 may include a CO₂ delivery system 30 which may function in association with the computer 40 to deliver a flow of air having a desired CO₂ concentration to the noninvasive respiratory monitor 50. A CO₂ monitor, i.e. a capnometer, disposed on the noninvasive respiratory monitor 50 is able to detect the amount of CO₂ present in the flow of air. Data regarding the CO₂ concentration may then be provided to, for example, a clinician being trained to use a noninvasive respiratory monitor.

The system 10 may be able to alter the parameters of the signals produced and thereby simulate a variety of disease states that patient(s) 60 may present with in clinical situations. Thus, the system 10 may be used to train clinicians how to properly analyze information provided by noninvasive respiratory monitors.

Turning now to FIG. 2, a pulse oximetry simulation device, generally indicated at 20, according to principles of the present invention is shown. A pulse oximeter 52 is a medical device that indirectly monitors the oxygen saturation of a patient's blood (as opposed to measuring oxygen saturation directly through a blood sample) and changes in blood volume in the skin, producing a plethysmogram. Typically a pulse oximeter includes a probe 82 comprising a pair of small light-emitting diodes (LEDs) 70, 74 facing a photodetector 78, such as a photodiode. The probe 82 is placed on a translucent part of the patient's body, usually a fingertip or an earlobe. However, one of skill in the art will appreciate that other monitoring sites are possible. One LED 70 is typically red, i.e. the LED 70 typically emits a light wavelength of about 630-660 nm. The other LED 74 is typically infrared (IR), i.e. the LED 74 typically emits a light wavelength of about 905-940 nm. Absorption at these wavelengths differs significantly between oxyhemoglobin and its deoxygenated form; therefore, the oxy/deoxyhemoglobin ratio can be calculated from the ratio of the absorption of the red and IR light.

The pulse oximeter 52 performs this measurement by sequentially turning on a red LED 70, and an IR LED 74 many times a second. The intensity of the light detected by the photodector 78 on the other side of the finger, ear lobe, etc., in response to turning on these LEDs may then be analyzed. The ratio of the pulsatile portion of the detected signals corresponding to the red LED 70 and IR LED 74 may be used to calculate blood oximetry. The shape of the detected pulse waveform for either the red or IR signal may also be used to calculate heart rate.

There are many manufacturers of pulse oximetry systems 52. Each of the various pulse oximeters may incorporate a specific timing and/or sequencing scheme for turning on the red LED 70 and IR LED 74. Thus, according to one aspect of the invention the pulse oximetry simulation system 20 may be configured to correctly operate interchangeably with a variety of pulse oximeters even if they have differing timing and/or sequencing schemes. Prior knowledge of the specific timing scheme of a particular pulse oximeter 52 may not be necessary. This is because a circuit (e.g. an analog circuit), generally indicated at 100, may be used to detect red or IR light emitted from a pulse oximeter and, in response, substantially simultaneously emits an appropriate intensity of red and/or IR light on the opposite side of the simulated finger where it is detected by the photodetector 78. Thus, the desired oxygen saturation and heart rate can be measured by the pulse oximeter 52 and displayed on its monitor.

The circuit 100 may comprise a simulation circuit 108. An exemplary simulation circuit 108 is shown in more detail in FIG. 3. The simulation circuit 108 may be in communication with a computer that contains the red and IR waveforms associated with a variety of disease states presented by patient(s). The computer may control the resistance of potentiometer(s) 112, 116 (e.g. digital potentiometer(s)) associated with the simulation circuit 108. For example, the computer may control a digital potentiometer 112 for the detected red light and a digital potentiometer 116 for the detected IR light. As shown in FIG. 3, the digital potentiometers 112, 116 may be connected in a circuit (e.g. an integrated circuit). The digital potentiometers 112, 116 may act as resistors where the amount of resistance in Ohms may be settable by the computer to control the intensity of light transmitted by the simulator LED 86 (FIG. 2).

Referring now to both FIG. 2 and FIG. 3, the simulation circuit 108 may be connected to a small printed circuit board 100 that is placed in, for example, a manikin finger 104 that allows red and IR light to pass though the simulated tissue. On one side of the printed circuit board 100 there may be located one or more photodetectors 94, 98 to detect red and IR light at the wavelengths used by the pulse oximeter 52. On the opposite side of the printed circuit board 100 there may be located a LED 86 for emitting red and IR light at an intensity that may be controlled by the simulation circuit 108.

The pulse oximeter may activate the red and/or IR LEDs 70, 74 multiple times each second in a sequence and duration that may be specific to each pulse oximeter manufacturer. The amount of light that is transmitted through the tissue in response to the specific LED (red 70 or IR 74) that has been activated is then detected by the photodetector 78 of the pulse oximeter 52.

The simulator device 20 detects the light from the LEDs 70, 74 that are controlled by the pulse oximeter 52. When red and/or IR light is detected, a voltage pulse corresponding to the detected light wavelength may be transmitted from the detector circuit through fixed resistor(s) 120, 124 and digital potentiometer(s) 112, 116. The voltage pulse created by the detected red or IR light may be at a fixed voltage (e.g. 5 volts) or they may be in proportion to the intensity of the detected light. In normal tissue the majority of the light from the LEDs 70, 74 of the pulse oximeter 52 may be dissipated in tissue and venous blood. Therefore, fixed resistor(s) 120, 124, which may dissipate red and/or IR signal from the photodetectors 94, 98, may be used to simulate this effect.

The resistance of the digital potentiometer(s) 112, 116 may be used to determine what fraction of the voltage pulse is then transmitted to the simulator LED control circuit 128 to control the intensity of light which is emitted from the simulator LED 86. Thus, the computer system 40 may not need to know the timing and/or sequence of the pulse oximeter 52 LED control.

As discussed briefly above, according to another aspect of the invention a pulse oximetry simulation system 20 may include a computer system 40 which may contain a stored waveform corresponding to what is observed when blood pulses through tissue (e.g. a pulsatile signal). The waveform may be generated from a known stored arterial pressure waveform. Alternatively, the computer 40 may be used to synthesize a waveform. It will be appreciated that there may be many ways to generate a pulsatile signal, and the discussion herein relating to pulsatile signal generation is not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

A variety of pulsatile signals may be stored in computer memory. For example, a first pulsatile signal may be stored in computer memory along with a second pulsatile signal which may be a separate, scaled version of the first pulsatile signal. In other words, the second pulsatile signal may have pulsations which are larger or smaller than the first pulsatile signal. The first signal may be transmitted to a digital potentiometer circuit 132 connected to the red light photodetector circuit, and the second signal, scaled up (larger amplitude) or down (smaller amplitude), may be transmitted to the digital potentiometer circuit 136 connected to the IR photodetector circuit. The ratio of the amplitude of the simulated pulsations of the first and second signals may then be used to determine the oxygen saturation (or SpO₂) calculated by the pulse oximeter 52. Additionally, the frequency of the pulsations may be used to determine the simulated heart rate.

It will be appreciated that the output of the digital potentiometer circuits 132, 136 may be connected to drive a single LED 86. Alternatively, separate LEDs could be used for each circuit provided that the separate LEDS are in close physical proximity. Additionally, it will be appreciated that a single circuit could drive multiple LEDs.

According to one aspect of the invention, the photodetectors of the pulse oximetry simulation system 20 may be configured to detect light wavelengths in a variety of fashions. For example, the red detector 94 may respond to both red and IR light, (i.e. the red detector 94 may detect multiple light wavelengths). The IR detector 98 may be configured with an optical filter such that it only responds to IR light. Additionally, a logic circuit, such as a simple digital logic circuit, may be used to convert the signals from the photodetectors such that the pulses correspond to times that the pulse oximeter's 52 individual LEDs 70,74 are activated. Alternatively, photodetectors may be selected to detect only visible light (red LED) and only IR light. The output of these detectors may be transmitted directly to the analog circuit without the need for a logic circuit.

Turning now to FIG. 4, which shows aspects of a CO₂ delivery system, generally indicated at 150, according to principles of the present invention. The concentration or partial pressure of carbon dioxide (CO₂) may be ascertained by noninvasive respiratory monitors, e.g. a capnometer, and produce a graph of the CO₂ concentration in the patient's breath, i.e. a capnogram. The rate of changes in concentration from high to low, or vice versa, may indicate the respiratory rate, adequacy of breathing, and metabolic function. For example, a high concentration of maximum CO₂ during the breath may indicate that breathing is inadequate. The shape of the capnogram may be indicative of various breathing abnormalities such as uneven lung emptying, obstructed airways, etc. Thus, to simulate these disease states a training simulator needs to be able to provide a signal that may be varied in order to produce different capnograms.

The CO₂ delivery system 150 may include an air source simulation system which creates a CO₂ concentration waveform by injecting CO₂ gas into a known flow of air. The system may periodically update the amount of CO₂ injected. For example the amount of CO₂ injected may be updated multiple times each second to re-create the exact shape of a desired waveform.

The baseline air flow into which the CO₂ is injected may be provided from an outside source 154 (tank or compressor) and regulated to about 25 PSI along a flow path 162. The air flow can be turned off and on under computer control using, for example, a control valve 178 such as a solenoid valve (e.g. a Clippard EV-2-12, manufactured by Clippard Instrument Lab Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio). The CO₂ source 158 may be a tank or cartridge containing compressed 100% carbon dioxide gas. The CO₂ gas may be regulated to about 25 PSI along a flow path 166 and passed through a control valve such as a variable orifice valve (e.g. a Clippard EV-10-0925 manufactured by Clippard Instrument Lab Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio). The control valves 178, 182 may be under computer control. The amount of valve opening may be proportional to the electrical current that is delivered to the control valves 178, 182. For example, the computer system 40 may include a digital to analog controller 226 for controlling valve 182. The amount of opening of the variable valve 182 may control the amount of added CO₂ and therefore the concentration of CO₂ observed by the CO₂ gas analyzer connected downstream. The two gas streams may be mixed together at 242 to create a flowing gas mixture from which a clinical CO₂ monitoring device (not shown) can draw a continuous sample from port 214.

It has been observed that for a given control voltage (current) the amount of CO₂ that exits the variable valve 182 may be different depending on whether the concentration of CO₂ is rising or falling. It has also been observed that, because of nonlinearity, the response of the variable orifice valve 182 to a change in voltage may be different depending on the flow rate. To correct for observed hysteresis and/or non-linearity of the CO₂ control valve 182 and/or air control valve 178, the system 150 may include flow sensors 194, 198.

According to one aspect of the invention, flow sensors 194, 198 may be incorporated downstream from the CO₂ control valve 182 and/or air control valve 178. The flow sensors 194, 198 may comprise flow restrictors 186, 190 through which the gas flows. The flow sensors 194, 198 may measure the pressure difference created by the flowing gas on either side of the flow restrictors 186, 190. The output of the flow sensors 194, 198 may be sent to a computer system 40. More particularly output of the flow sensors 194, 198 may be sent to microprocessors 202, 206 which are part of the computer system 40. The computer system 40 may then use the information to make adjustments to the signals 250, 246 sent to the CO₂ control valve 182 and/or air control valve 178 respectively. Thus, the computer system may adjust the ratio of CO₂ flow to oxygen flow such that a desired concentration of CO₂ is delivered to the CO₂ monitoring device.

The computer system 40, which may be used to control the concentration of CO₂ which is delivered to the CO₂ monitoring device, may include several components in addition to the microprocessors 202, 206 described above. For example, the computer system 40 may include one or more serial peripheral interface buses (“SPI”), such as a SPI clock 234 configured to be output, a SPI master output, slave input (“MOSI”) 230 configured to be output, and/or a SPI select device 222 configured to be output. The SPI components may be in communication with a digital to analog controller 226, which may be used to control a variable orifice valve 182. Furthermore, the computer system 40 may include a digital controller 218, which may be used to control a solenoid valve 178. The computer system 40 may also include a valve driver circuit 238 to communicate with both the variable orifice valve 182 and the solenoid valve 178.

FIG. 5 shows a schematic of how a CO₂ delivery system may control the concentration of CO₂ which is delivered to a non-invasive respiratory monitor according to one aspect of the present invention. A CO₂ valve control algorithm may be used by the computer system to make adjustments to the ratio of CO₂ flow to oxygen flow. For example, a CO₂ valve control algorithm may set the CO₂ variable orifice valve 182 set to zero flow upon startup, and turn off the air valve 178. After an initialization phase, a microcontroller may rapidly repeat (e.g. about every 40 milliseconds) the following steps:

-   1) Update Input Queue with new target CO₂ flow Values:     CO_(2flow,tgt)=Dequeue set CO2 value at front of Queue -   2) Measure co2_(delta) _(—) _(pressure)=A/D reading of differential     Flow sensor (0-5 VDC) -   3) Measure air_(delta) _(—) _(pressure)=A/D reading of air Flow     sensor (0-5 VDC) -   4) Determine CO_(2flow,meas)=CO2_(delta) _(—)     _(pressure)/(co2_(delta) _(—) _(pressure)+air_(delta) _(—)     _(pressure)) -   5) Update set voltage for CO₂ valve:     -   a) Δ_(flow,absolute)=abs(CO_(2flow,tgt)−CO_(2flow,meas))         -   i) If (Δ_(flow,absolute)<0.005), change in set voltage for             CO₂ valve=0         -   ii) If (Δ_(flow,absolute)>0.05), change in set voltage CO₂             valve=0.61%         -   iii) If (0.05>Δ_(flow,absolute)>0.03), change in set voltage             for CO₂ valve=0.29%         -   iv) If (0.03>Δ_(flow,absolute)>0.02), change in set voltage             for CO₂ valve=0.24%         -   v) If (0.02>Δ_(flow,absolute)>0.01), change in set voltage             for CO₂ valve=0.12%         -   vi) If (0.01>Δ_(flow,absolute)>0.005), change in set voltage             for CO₂ valve=0.06%     -   b) If CO_(2flow,tgt)>CO_(2flow,meas): increase set voltage for         CO₂ valve by amount determined in 5a     -   c) If CO_(2flow,tgt)<CO_(2flow,meas): decrease set voltage for         CO₂ valve by amount determined in 5a -   6) If CO₂ valve voltage>0, Air valve is set on, otherwise air valve     is set off     It will be appreciated that the specific algorithm described above     is provided for exemplary purposes only and in no way limits the     scope of the present invention.

A targeted CO₂ concentration may be achieved through a calibration procedure that relates the set CO₂ flow to the measured CO₂ concentration. Flow may be set over several values and the measured CO₂ recorded. Linear polynomial regression may then be performed to find the best fit.

There is thus disclosed an improved system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals. It will be appreciated that numerous changes may be made to the present invention without departing from the scope of the claims. 

What is claimed is:
 1. A system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals comprising: a pulse oximetry simulation device configured to generate a first signal that is detectable by a noninvasive respiratory monitor; and a CO₂ delivery system configured to generate a second signal that is detectable by a noninvasive respiratory monitor.
 2. The system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to claim 1, further comprising a computer system disposed in communication with the pulse oximetry simulation device and the CO₂ delivery system.
 3. The system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to claim 2, wherein the pulse oximetry simulation device further comprises one or more photodectors and a LED, and wherein the first signal that is detectable by the noninvasive respiratory monitor is light emitted from the LED.
 4. The system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to claim 3, wherein the pulse oximetry simulation device further comprises at least one potentiometer in electrical communication with the LED.
 5. The system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to claim 3, wherein the computer system controls the resistance of the at least on potentiometer to control the intensity of the light emitted by the LED.
 6. The system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to claim 2, wherein the second signal that is detectable by a noninvasive respiratory monitor is a flow of air having a concentration of CO₂.
 7. The system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to claim 6, further comprising a control valve, wherein the concentration of CO₂ in the flow of air is controlled by the control valve.
 8. The system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to claim 7, further comprising a flow sensor, wherein the flow sensor is in communication with the control valve to control the concentration of CO₂ in the flow of air.
 9. The system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to claim 6, further comprising a first flow sensor for measuring the pressure of air along a first flow path and a second flow sensor for measuring the pressure of CO₂ along a second flow path.
 10. The system for generating noninvasive respiratory monitor signals according to claim 9, further comprising a control valve, wherein the computer system produces a signal that is sent to the control valve, the signal being adjustable and dependent on the ratio of the measured pressure of air and the measure pressure of CO₂.
 11. A pulse oximetry simulation device comprising: a first photodector for detecting a first wavelength of light; a second photodector for detecting a second wavelength of light; a LED for emitting light; and a circuit in communication with the first photodetector, the second photodector and the LED.
 12. The pulse oximetry simulation device of claim 11, wherein the circuit further comprises one or more potentiometers for controlling the intensity of the light emitted by the LED.
 13. The pulse oximetry simulation device of claim 12, further comprising a computer system in communication with the one or more potentiometers, wherein the resistance of the potentiometers is settable by the computer system to control the intensity of the light emitted by the LED.
 14. The pulse oximetry simulation device of claim 11, wherein the circuit comprises one or more fixed resistors.
 15. A CO₂ delivery system comprising: a first flow path for delivering air from a source of air; a second flow path for delivering CO₂ from a source of CO₂; a first control valve disposed along the first flow path for controlling the amount of air delivered from the source of air; a second control valve disposed along the second flow path for controlling the amount of CO₂ delivered from the source of CO₂; a first flow sensor disposed along the first flow path for measuring the pressure of air along the first flow path; a second flow sensor disposed along the second flow path for measuring the pressure of CO₂ along the second flow path; and a computer system disposed in communication with the first control valve, the second control valve, the first flow sensor and the second flow sensor; wherein the CO₂ delivery system is configured to deliver a flow of air having a desired concentration of CO₂.
 16. The CO₂ delivery system of claim 15, wherein the second flow sensor is a variable orifice valve.
 17. The CO₂ delivery system of claim 15, further comprising a first flow restrictor disposed along the first flow path and a second flow restrictor disposed along the second flow path.
 18. The CO₂ delivery system of claim 15, wherein the computer system generates a signal that is transmitted to the second control valve.
 19. The CO₂ delivery system of claim 18, wherein the signal is adjustable.
 20. The CO₂ delivery system of claim 19, wherein the computer system calculates a ratio of the measured pressure of air along the first flow path and the measure pressure of CO₂ along the second flow path, and wherein the computer system adjusts the signal based on the ratio. 